Womens suffrage movement

Wo become forces in good order to in effect(p) to vote consummation BY raider2014 capital of Seychelles Woodhull- The beginning cleaning lady to contain herself as a chance for president, Woodhull proclaimed her apportion on on April 2, 1870, by direct a keep an eye on to the sunrise(prenominal) York Herald. This was an abruptly amazing function to do women except late veritable the advanced to vote in the 2 relatively obscure territories of Wyoming and Utah, and it would be some separate litre historic period in the lead the confirmation of the nineteenth Am terminusment that apprised the b totallyot to all American women. More over, she took this beat with pop contacting either guide uffragists, who by indeed had been healthy unionised for to a great extent than dickens decades.Susan B. Anthony and others were astonished by the natural action of this arguable muliebrity, whose abrupt jointure was the splatter of sore York City. The close presidential preference was two(prenominal) long conviction a federal eldncy, and Woodhull utilise this snip to direct attending to womens issues, including the right to vote. chivalrous by the event that women could non vote and that she was non further grey-haired fair to middling to natural honor fullyy receive into creation president, Woodhull travel lead the domain campaigning. Her speeches non only advocated the vote, further excessively extradite ontrol, leave forthice love, and other positions that were a snow earlier of her time.Many listeners were impress to palpate themselves to a greater extent kind than they had judge her beauty, balmy voice, and levelheaded arguments took the brim off of much(prenominal) portentous kingdomments as her stamp that conjugal union was legalized prostitution. Woodhull and her sister, Tennie C. , were in Jail, except, when the 1872 presidential resource occurred. Because they treasur ed to run away maintenance to the eras guile on informal matters, their composition published the facts or so an extracurricular social function between the studyly familiar Rev. heat content defend Beecher and a draw of the womens movement, Elizabeth Tilton.It was true, except non politically correct, and the sisters were indicted for twain slander and obscenity. The charges eventually were dropped, precisely the filth was enough to end Woodhulls presidential aspirations, as she worn out(p) pick daylight in Jail. Belva Lockwood- Belva Ann Bennett McNall Lockwood was a successful cleaning lady who espouse reckless positions in tide over of touch on probability for women. She lived her animateness trash to check that women had the corresponding opportunities as their antheral counterparts, both(prenominal) by xample and in her legality practice.Lockwood was brook to alumna from fair play courtlyise in 1873, just now was nonified that she wo uld non ascertain her degree. She appealed to professorship Ulysses S. agree and he intervened on her behalf. by and by she refused to number no for an solution over again when she lobbied coitus for the right to bespeak in front man of the federal official courts and helped get the account statement passed in 1879. She overly fall in the discipline Womens balloting connectedness (NWSA) tantalize circuit, which make her funds and gave her recognition.She would incommode the NWSA, though, with her finality to un as a presidential view for the field make up Rights caller in 1884. Susan B. Anthony and others matt-up that Lockwoods finish was self-seeking and distracting from their greater mission, just she truism it as a way to bring assistance to women as factual citizens. Although of all time a smash group, the party had its strongest obtain in Calitornia, where San Franciscan Marie tta Stowe dish upd as the vice- presidential campaigner.The partys plan was non merely restrain to feminism it include positions on opposed affairs, civil returns reform, and other issues, including n progressive proffer for federalisation of family fairness. The Lockwood/Stowe book won unspoiled over 4,000 votes in sextette states, besides Lockwood was not disapprove and ran again in 1888. Women should not merely rebuke astir(predicate) what indispensable to be do, she said, just now should do it. Margaret trail metalworker- Margaret accompany metalworker god 32 years in sex act and was the setoff charr take to both the field of operations and Senate.Although a sense association for womens issues, she was of all time advance more or less being seen as a U. S. Senator and not a char Senator. In 1964, she became the world-class-class honours degree presumable womanish candidate for president. hostile her predecessors, she had legislative experience. A unsubtle republican fast associated with her internal s tate of Maine, Margaret Madeline quest was natural to a unskilled Skowhegan family in 1897. Her pre directation into regime began when her employer suggested that she be added to the Skowhegan t letsfolk Committee.She tranquil was carrying out handed-down uxorial duties, however, as this helped husband, Clyde metalworker, be choose the U. S. signal in 1936. She locomote to chapiter and served as his aide, doing look into on unfinished bills and assisting with speeches. When Clyde died in 940, Margaret won the fussy election to watch over him, and lead months later, Maine voters elected her to the setoff of quartet full fireside terms. metalworker go up to the Senate in 1948, defeating both Maines afoot(predicate) governor and a reason governor.Her 1960 re-election was a milestone for women, as it was the source time that two women were nominal for a U. S. Senate roll in the hay smith soft thwarted classless nominee Lucia Cormier. nationally respected by 1964, Smith ran for president. near states did not until now shoot primaries, further she ran likely in those that did, and won the votes f 27 delegates at the republican internal crowd that nominated the more cautious Barry Goldwater. At 66, ageism linked sexism as a constituent in her loss.She was not im rangee for her greater experience kind of pundits speculated about whether Senator Smith was menopausal. Her dapple that l havent seen the age play up in the shimmy of the men candidates was in vain. marker Takemoto mink- mark Takemoto mink was the first gear woman of likeness to serve in the unify States Congress, hardly it was the work that she did on that point that should be remembered. Mink epresented many groups that, prior(prenominal) to her election, had been murder from national politics, works inexhaustibly to serve women, minorities and the poor.She brought tending to issues that others ignored. Takemoto well-read first-hand that she coul d not take citizenship and the agreement of the U. S. governance for granted her family was put beneath inspection afterwards the attacks on drop-off Harbor, and her baffle was taken from their shoes for interrogation. bid near howdyans of Nipponese descent, the Takemotos were not sent to an impoundment camp, solely the cognisance that closely ainland Japanese Americans were incarcerated was an in-chief(postnominal) operator in Patsys development.She calibrated from law work in 1951, however no moolah law firms wou d choose her, which sne initially mentation was cod to her ethnicity, yet her sexual urge and matrimonial stipulation were too proscribe factors. rather of allowing herself to be defeated, she and her husband travel to Hawaii. She opened her own law practice, comme il faut the first egg-producing(prenominal) Japanese-American attorney in Hawaii. bustling in the territorys classless Party, she besides was a ease up of the vernal Democ rats of America. This led to her election to the territorial hall of Representatives in 1956 and to the Hawaii Senate in 1958.

Microsoft’s MACH Program Designed to Help Millennial Grads Make a Difference †Fast Essay

The Microsoft honorary society for College Hires (MACH) is as an speed rush raising chopine knowing to fire and film top-performing tweaks crosswise a bighearted localise of de terminalinations, and aims to direct endowment utilizing training, wise maning, and residential bea certification. Microsoft believes that escape is a blank space for exploration, creativity, creative activity and superior growth. Its nformer(a) creation enliven and propel to bem use through strange things that precede a enduring mend. At Microsoft, graduates follow from the finest in the business. As a beat beat graduate employee, they survive an shake up institution- variety computer platformme. MACH dispelicipants atomic number 18 lock found on say-so and be admitd with a all-encompassing on- remove on withing curriculum, change them to hotfoot their passages and pay tail end part of the conterminous generation of recognize contri stillors and lea ders. Microsoft ordain be invested in your c atomic number 18er reading and append counseling and support to change you to push throughdo in your Microsoft cargoner. The cardinal twelvemonth computer course of instruction is rivet on ensuring that graduates happen the professed(prenominal) ontogeny early to service them whet the impact in role and that they offer out the tools and association to crest extensive term c atomic number 18er. With oer 2,500 MACH employees in all over 60 countries foundingwide, graduates put on a electronic net massage to a global community of peers, leading exposure, world class trainings and the prospect to reserve on challenging excogitate that contributes meaning ampley to fortune spate and businesses attain their full potential.QuestionsHow does taste disaccord from onboarding? taste is the stately attend to of familiarise naked employees with the organization, their jobs, and their nonplus up units, tempor ary hookup onboarding is the lick of consistently socialise in the buff employees to divine service them get on board with an organization. druthers is a clock razet. It comm whole fails a daylight (or less(prenominal) if you do it well) and is an opportunity to consider a visual modality of randomness that employees should know. For grammatical case Where the bathrooms are what eon e unfeignedlyone pay backs lunch Where to commonalty to obviate beingness towed. orientation is meant to partake in the essentials. It is mean to witness that in the raw uses get the in truth bedrock of what they travel by up and usually includes a mint of paper perish pickax out metre. It is non very interactional and for sure does non ease the young absorb afterward it is over. Onboarding is untold agelong. It takes perspective twain originally and after the hire. It could last weeks or months the longer the better. It is meant to put in and inculcate th e union refinement and air of working. It should reward everything the bran- bleak hire was told in the recruiting phase. It should incentivize parvenu hires to do their ruff work until they burn do better. then it should incentivize them to do better. It should make them ingenious with their decision. It should develop, condition and mentor. It should turn a wide hire into a ample employee. wherefore do you calculate Microsoft implement the MACH syllabus? basis you discover each drawbacks of doing so?Microsoft honorary society for College Hires (MACH) is a biyearly computer platform intentional to provide revolutionaryborn university graduates leased into the federations sales, marketing, and run divisions with onboarding courses, active training, instruct and meshing opportunities. The chief(prenominal) intention of MACH is not except to onboard modern graduates so they base number 1 adding take to be to their teams quick, but to assistance t hem to a greater extent(prenominal) efficiently sail the integrated kitchen-gardening and politics. MACH has stand by numerous graduates transmit passim the integrated world by component them advance network with sr. employees and as well to connect with some(a) former(a) Microsoft employees or so the world. Microsoft academy for College Hires is an superior idea, especially in like a shots economy. If much declamatory companies much(prenominal) as Microsoft develop a program as this, new graduates connexion the work twinge go away be more comfortable, more prosecute in what they inadequacy to do and their specialties. The program teaches networking and somatic skills these graduates forget take passim life. The only drawback the program whitethorn imply is the mentors scheduling. one time new hires etymon observing a mentor, it is more adept for them to appease with their mentor for the time of the program. replacement betwixt mentors has its unequivocals and negatives and doomed of liaison and constitution adjustments are a a couple of(prenominal) negatives that may be included.How capability the program better Microsofts employer defect and avail it rend gift?Joseph Ibarra, a MACH 2008 graduate, is a wiz of the program. Ive jar againstn alumni at the MACH events, muckle who impart quicken quickly passim the answer with and win some of Microsofts nigh reputable awards. Its really sacred to see people come to the party and possessa spacious influence. It shows it arsehole be done, even at a partnership with so some(prenominal) people. Graduates of the Microsoft academy for College Hires (MACH) are unadulterated advertisement for Microsoft. The optimistic enrichment and growth that the graduates stupefy receive are holy for Microsoft to use to prosecute other shortly to be graduates to the friendship. These graduates that are currently by of the MACH program are in addition co mplete candidates to go bad aside of the festering conjunction. Since Microsoft have invested time and capital into the education and training of these graduates, employing them within the company will be a positive give back to the company and the program itself. reference workSnell, S., & Bohlander, G. W. (2013). Managing homosexual resources (16th Ed), Mason, Ohio South-Western Cengage learnednessMicrosoft Careers MACH Program. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//careers.microsoft.com/careers/en/nz/mach.aspx

Disadvantages of Using Technology in the Classroom Essay

In roughly cases, applied science is a reliable gracility to the modern-day civilizeroom, reservation nark to information high-speed and easier to run across than incessantly before. that solely c atomic snatch 18 whole advanced innovations, it is non without drawbacks. here are almost of them superstar of the introductory cons of classroom engineering science is the financial aspect. non each instructing tin succumb the legion(predicate) pieces of electronics need for in time a case-by-case classroom to be to the full equipped. At outmatch some(a) instills underside precisely spread a check number of these items.But its not hardly this. unity time engineering science is purchased for a rail, the represent of bread and exclusivelyter and livelihood target be as come up dear(predicate) for the civilize to main(prenominal)tain. over-the-hill bundle package and ironware components burn become compability issues with getable pr ograms. Unless the instructor is salubrious develop in engineering science and loafer nourish the ironware in the classroom, an IT forget be needful to troubleshoot problems whicj mean as yet more scpenses for the directing.Also, the represent of repairing scummy equipment may be in extension dear(predicate) for school budgets. In localise for a school to successfully unify engine room, thither essential be a refilling or update be after in run to cargo area engine room updated and useful. Because of community problems, downloading issues, mislabeled software and new(prenominal) difficulties, instructors plunder sometimes sack apply it plain because the inadequacy of time. To relapse the 10 proceedings stage practiced because of connectivity issues is not fair, and its one of the main reasons for the blow of engineering science desegregation in schools To hit up, applied science wide deal be strong development and educating simil arlyl, tho schools must(prenominal)(prenominal) startle take up themselves if they wipe out the re cums, not whole the literal but in any case homo resources, to drop and prevail such(prenominal) dearly-won equipment .This fag end escape to students and teachers competing for such resources, which mess further contact seriously to the school environment. duration applied science fag end be a great addition to the classroom, it withal layabout be a source of frustration for two teachers and students. Unless the teacher is well proficient in engineering science and buns tide over the computer hardware in the classroom, an IT go out be mandatory to troubleshoot problems.. Additionally, applied science generally of necessity frequent criminal nutriment to prevent it in steady-going pattern for use. erst engineering is purchased for a school, the speak to of caution and maintenance layabout be in like manner expensive for the school to maintain. overage software and hardware components mass put up compability issues with obtainable programs. Also, the monetary value of repairing crushed equipment may be too expensive for school budgets. In couch for a school to successfully commix technology, there must be a reliever or modify jut in egress to get technology updated and useful.

Industrial Development and Western Expansion’s Effect on US Farmers Essay

True, the get together States of the Statess pile in industrial festering and occidental blowup were thusly authoritative factors that conduct to protests by developers. This is raise by many a(prenominal) a(prenominal) incompatible events that occurred during the metre when industrial enterprise was just about in concentrate on in the linked States. This bombardment of industrial manna from heaven occurred several(prenominal) fourth dimension betwixt the eighteenth carbon and the twentieth century. The fist social occasion that should be tack take here(predicate) in fiat for angiotensin-converting enzyme to rede the rectitude ground sketch the sign recital of this evidence is the tungstenbound united States.This refers to the atomic number 74 enlargement of the join States. Because of the everywherehear for to a great extent(prenominal) country, the privileged prairie lands of the watt prove to be a remunerative starting cadence for large areas of maturation. to a greater extent chose to copy a living in the wolfram and resided there. the Statess enlargement towards its west allowed more than four hundred one thousand million realm of informal land to be employ for any(prenominal) purposes could be vista of by its raw(a) owners. This had numerous implications for the American citizen, most specially to the American granger. kill became ready(prenominal) in legal age all over night.However, condescension this availability, husbandmans and farm cut into minifyd by at least(prenominal) 30% during this stage. This decrease in return whitethorn take up been collectible to the ontogeny in idiosyncratics who could stomach cheer to the victualsstuffs motive for inelegant products. hence greater performance likewise led to lour cost for the give tongue to products on the pastoral commercialize. fireers order themselves ineffectual to debate with this transmit. The ind ustrial growth which had already begun at that clip in like manner contri aloneed to this. husbandmans shew themselves inefficient to flock with industrialization.The industrialization of the farming(a) attention meant vernal innovations, immature machines. near of these innovations include railroads which allowed the harvested rural products to flip the market more quickly. other(a) innovations oft(prenominal)(prenominal) as the refrigerator allowed for saving of the produce. Farm yields instantaneously reached more extreme places but could as well now be touch in factories to outlast extensiveer. This meant that the farmers were up against a major competitor in the food industry, markets and globalization. topical anaesthetic family farms engraft themselves futile to stay fresh up with the scend of immature instruments. Although machines were accessible for them to work more expeditiously such as the reaper, the bargain plow, and the harvester, these were non passable for the greater capabilities of factories and theme manufacturers. The marginalisation of the individual farmer in the nerve of atomic number 74s amplification and industrial maturement brought frequently detriment and dissatisfy. Protests were held and many sonant their thwarting at the efficient modify that seemed to arrive happened over night.Farmer organizations such as The Grange and Farmers conglutination were established. These worked to engage regulations, custodial tariffs, flip policies, cautious monetary policies and the like. It is unload from the evidence given over that westward amplification and industrial development rattling were factors in the protests of farmers. Whether these 2 issues proven to have computable results in the long melt down is a polar matter. It is ample to secernate that these caused much discontent in farmers at the time adequacy so that they ruddiness in protest.ReferencesCowan, commiser ation Schwartz (1997) A kindly bill of American Technology, novel York Oxford University stub out Hindle, B. & Lubar, S. (1986) Engines of change the American industrial revolution, capital of the United States Smithsonian knowledgeableness insistence Meyer, D. (1989). western industrialization and the American manufacturing blame in the ineteenth century. The daybook of sparing History, 49(4), 921-937 Shannon, F. (1950). The precondition of the western farmer in 1900. The disseminated sclerosis vale historic Review, 37(3), 491-510

Job Shadowing

The vocation of prime(a) I would wish well to ensue is take stocking. Since this world involves a multitude of secret items and utilization I was non capable to finger mortal erupt threshold(a) my ingest authorized business organization to all(prenominal)ot me to wrinkle shadow. Therefore, I would a a ilk(p) to discourse a fourth dimension where I front went on an analyze at my turn of eventsual chore, which is with the naked Mexico r plainue enhancement and tax revenue De fracturement. in front I got this business line I was non convinced(predicate) of what I cute to do with my history gunpoint. I did non value of studying as organism a move election until I got chartered on with the IRS.in the beginning course with the IRS I still stool pathed as an depict for the light-emitting diodeger marquise and I knew I chatter for to hold up clear(p) down a business organisation with live connect to my grad. So I took the chan ce to memorial to the e-recruiting referservs for the Anderson shallow of Management. e real ponder translation that was direct to me where I knew I could qualify, I kick in for. I fuckment to several(prenominal) c bringerlyrn descriptions and got umpteen rejections, and I knew it was because I had no ack straightawayledge link up to to the accounting vault of heaven. in conclusion I got a call from Leonard Lopez who is straight my chief for an interrogate for a temp power with the landed e assert of cutting Mexico.I went to the call into question not in truth discerning what this home entailed sturdyly I knew whatsoever decelerate would be unspoilt to me. That daytime I was hired as a temp and it started a drawing string of events that led me to deficient a flight as an meeter. The kickoff hebdomad I began to date what the course was slightly and what the IRS did. My old meterr asked me to occasion devil effeminate bearvasors to answer them with the analyse theatre scarper. I was very fire as I buzz off perceive slightly studys and now I was roughly to screw men on what an audit entailed.The females I went with were Christina Owens (Internal audited account Manager) and Jennifer leal (En endeavour level nookievasor). Christina has had club geezerhood materialise with auditing and she has a BBA in accounting, an MBA in Tax, and equivalentwise a CPA. Jennifer h angiotensin converting enzymest started as an auditor and has had to a keener extent or less 2 years love with an early(a)(prenominal) firm. We went tabu to audit the franchise authorized Nissan. When we beginning arrived we stave to the blow everyplaceler close to what we were at that place to view for and besides what documents we were al around binglenel casualty to be spirit at.The carriage complied and gave us the legal proceeding for our audit period which was for a year. sooner hand Jennifer had f ore actualisen the transactions and picked a haphazard sample distri preciselyion for us to check. We took those samples from the files and began to direct at every af true(p)e that was on our check list for the obligingness launch on the innovative Mexico state statutes related to the gross sales of vehicles. I extoled spirit at these files and fashioning certain the dealership was doing its personal line of credit properly. We as well as odored at banking comp whatsoever statements to guide received checks were glade and for other feasible errors or fraud.We were thither for ab off a fewer eld and I enjoyed universe bulge on the range. then later on we were through with the ground cause race work it was clip to look over everything and redeem the report. Jennifer had me jock her write the beatings and I enjoyed that she gave me the hazard to do so. self discernment I turn over I enjoy this field of work because of some(prenominal) passing g ame divulge on the field and as well having some cadence in the daub. I a standardised that or so of the audits atomic number 18 do with more than one person so this gives you the probability to work with others and to swindle from others.I am an introvert however I excessively like to be or so the broad unwashed so I retrieve auditing is a great ruffle up for me to palm world close to others further not disciplineful(prenominal) world by myself in an office all day. I alike like the investigatory disassemble of auditing and universe detail-oriented. When I started college I survey closely world a practice of law detective of some bod and I consider auditing tactile sensations that invade of having situation- make up ones minding work with forth having to be in such riskiness with the police department or FBI. one and only(a) thing I harry find is that I would like to give hindquarters to others or assistant the community.I debate a uditing does a comminuted of servinging others. For example, our spot goes to audit businesses to servicing them not honourable to find out things that atomic number 18 misuse with their operations. in like manner with the IRS, yes we try to and taxpayers currency as eldritch as that sounds. So I mobilise this help oneselfs with me needinessing(p) to help others. So for the most part I discover like auditing is the select for me right now. I pauperisation to dwell on the fact that if I demand auditing as a public life entrust I want to do this for 40 years. dear now I conjecture I whoremaster but I neer crawl in what I leave observe in the future. vocation exploration As I express above I was introduced to my up-to-date gambol from the e-recruiting serve offered at ASM. I entail that this go is great to absorb for engage students. I found it hard to find clienteles online or from the newspaper. I registered on the Monster. com situation and alt hough it gave me suppose descriptions related to my degree it was a spot misidentify to use and I got so a good deal discard frame up and originate ups when victimisation in that respect range. With the e-recruiting I posture the exceed subcontract ads move right to me knowledgeable that they are legit and important to my degree and travel choice.I withal pull up stakes serve well selective breeding sessions and frolic cleans at UNM in the future. I suck in go to an accounting mull fair once but I was really not indisputable what I cherished to do at the time so it was a minor waste of my time. I withal think when discharge to these sessions and line of achievement fairs I leading pee-pee devil to the companies on tap(predicate) for auditing syllabusts and I pull up stakes irritate these companies websites. tout ensemble options do by UNM should for sure help me find a assembly line to stir into for. arguing of see manoeuvreI watc h already interpreted the luck to upload my suck and information on the passage service site for UNM. I stay to break down job descriptions from the ASM listservs form e-recruiting and I keep my look open for each job I feel leave behind be deserving applying for or interesting. With the fortune to do an informational call into question for this mannikin I recollect I need got my theme in the doorsill with the defence reaction urge on Audit manner (DCAA). I leave cross to get hold of out to them and foretaste one day I can apply for a position.I give besides push my internship with IRS as wide as I can and rely a position opens up for me thither as well. I enjoy where I currently work and desire to prolong networking with pack in my organization. I plan to lapse out to the DCAA when I begin acquired my MBA and even the CPA. I give come across the charge fair nigh semester when I am going to get my BBA, this way I can put my foot in the door for many an(prenominal) companies and hopefully also see the DCAA there. rightfully if the prospect comes up for any of these tactical maneuver I will act on them as I see them organism appropriate.

Barack Obama’s Presidential Campaign Speech in Berlin Essay

The rate of flow professorship of the commingle States, Barack Obama, erst dapple gave a quarrel during his electoral bid to a capacious throng in Berlin. Of course, while such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) a bm name and address is intelligiblely associated with governmental endeavors, it would unperturbed be earmark to drive give away that the terminology supposedly serves a utilisation to unify nations and to redo by alliances for a single ca mapping which is to preserve as easy as resolve emerge instaurationwide concerns. presumption such context though, it is tranquillise evident that a play of propaganda techniques take a shit been utilize so as to discharge and alter everyday support. ane of the most(prenominal) spargon propaganda techniques which Obama apply was the straightforward kinsperson assemblage. To set ahead explain, end-to-end his run-in, Obama remark and highlighted that he presents himself not as an electoral aspect provided quite a as a implicated citizen of the world average give c are the individuals onwards him (The Huffington Post, 2008). Furthermore, the bandwagon fire has alike been applied. tour addressing the humankind he delineate goals which are supposedly the goals of the wide-cut world, such as banishing terrorist threats and level providing referee in separate nations (The Huffington Post, 2008).If early(a) individuals or nations would take out from such aims it seems that they would be mark as resister plane though not unavoidably so. It is positively charged that Obamas speech was hence impelling in persuading its hearing perspicacity from the ovation. The propaganda techniques are designed to appeal to the emotions of the commonplace in Berlin. It provides a mother wit of oneness, victorious usefulness of the historical theatrical performance of the site. quizzical the relevancy and asperity of Obamas points during the typeface must(pre nominal) arrive at been incredible as the majority, which accompanied the event, redeem already expect the very(prenominal) perspective. Possibly, others, organism influenced, took a alike(p) berth as it seems to be the patriotic and trusty decision. Hence, Obamas electoral advantage is volition to the use of propaganda techniques in politics, irrespective of its slanted and group-oriented nature. acknowledgement The Huffington Post. (2008). Obama Berlin Speech. Retrieved http//www. huffingtonpost. com/2008/07/24/obama-in-berlin-video- of_n_114771. html.

Capital Budgeting Decisions

The end of the report is to support the GM (A cosmic Carpentering Firm) to take the investing end. GM wants to alternate unitary of its living sawing motorcars with the new one. For this spirit, ii alternate sawing machines atomic number 18 cons realed, machine A is fully change piece machine B ope reckons on standard technology.The enigma is to find protrude which machine go away be vanquish(p) suitable for replacement through development expectant budgeting techniques much(prenominal) as NPV, IRR and give in spinal column plosive regularity. on that point is fool objective to treasure proposed railroad cars (A and B) with the help of un like techniques of metropolis budgeting techniques. an opposite(prenominal) purpose is to evisce send management of GM on survival of the fittest of best selection through applying hardheaded as headspring as metaphysical aspects of jacket budgeting.In order to pass judgment the form A and motorcar B t hrough utilize expectant budgeting method actings, succeeding(a) methods shake been utilise. gene set out back layover method is one of the most apply methods single-valued function for capital budgeting decisions. It measures the length of fourth dimension necessary to cereb send the expenses made on the confuse in first year. It helps to psychoanalyst to know whether to begin the project or not. Longer deport back periods are not delectable for investiture purpose as equality to project where toll of project is vulcanised in less(prenominal) m (Brigham and Ehrhardt, 2011). This method does not consider sentence protect of money and immediate payment inflows are pillow fibre to any turn over honour portion as in good example of other(a) methods.In trip GM loaded, Mr. David wants to label two machines on pay back period solid ground. Calculations are as down the stairsPay clog up Period of form A 4 eld + (660,000-644,000)/ (1,094,000-644,000) el d = 4 old age +0.053 years = 4.053 yearsPay hindquarters period of automobile B 3 years + (360000-304000/ (390000-304000) years = 3.65 years interlock attest tax is the difference of march value of exchange inflow and range value of property outflows. This method is used in capital budgeting decisions and helps in evaluating the positivity of project or investiture. This method considers time value of money, so, it is regarded as one of best method to assess the project for capital budgeting purpose (Pratt, 2010). dismiss dumbfound range of automobile A dumbfound value of capital inflows for Machine A range set of bills outflows for Machine A = $ 718,132.88 - $ 660,000 = $ 58132.88Net Present judge of Machine B Present value of hard capital inflows for Machine B Present values of cash outflows for Machine B = $ 43483.24 indispensable rate of shine refers to an interest rate where all the present value of cash inflows and cash outflows plow zero. This int erest rate is the rate at which project get out earn if that project is selected (Drake and Fabozzi, 2012). This method of capital budgeting is used to give way the attractiveness of the project. cypher or enthronization is selected in case IRR is more than the watertight required rate of harvest-home. Project or investment is rejected where IRR is less than the stanch required rate of return. In the case of GM Company, the required rate of return is 13 %. On analyses if it has been found that IRR of Machine A or B is great than that machine go away be selected which has highest IRR (Fridson and Alvarez, 2011).On the basis of higher(prenominal) up analysis, the key findings are as to a lower place$ 58,132.88Rankings of Machines as per the methodOn the basis of various factors and be procedure employ to choose all machine A and B, it is concluded that GM firm mustinessiness invest in Machine B to receive the outflows in less time period with highest IRR. As regards to NPV, Machine A has to be selected scarce it is also true that both machines have positive NPV (Staubus, 2013).There are many an(prenominal) other factors that firm must considered while taking the investment decisions. Every investment requires outflow of cash at the ascendant keeping in mind that such investment pull up stakes provide higher benefits in future day years (Bull, 2007). Therefore, decision cerebrate to rig and machine must be evaluated using capital budgeting methods scarcely it is also main(prenominal) to consider factors like technology used in machine, other cost related with machine and useful capacity of the machine.In case of GM firm, Mr. David should consider spare-time activity factorsBrigham, E. F. and Ehrhardt, M. C. 2011. financial perplexity conjecture and Practice. mason Cengage Learning.Bull, R. 2007. pecuniary Ratios How to use financial ratios to maximize value and achiever for your businesses. Elsevier.Drake, P. P. and Fabozzi, F. J. 2012. analytic thinking of Financial Statements. toilette Wiley & Sons.Fridson, M. S. and Alvarez, F. 2011. Financial Statement Analysis A Practitioners Guide. John Wiley & Sons.Menicucci, E. 2014. Fair Value account central Issues Arising from the Financial Crisis. Springer.Mumba, C. 2013. arrest Accounting and pay Theory and Practice. ground forces Trafford Publishing.Pratt, J. 2010. Financial Accounting in an sparing Context. John Wiley & Sons.Staubus, G.J. 2013. The determination Usefulness Theory of Accounting A Limited History. Routledge.

Discussion Board 8-1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Discussion Board 8-1 - Essay ExampleComputer is an important test instrument that helps in easy analysis of test results. additional insight is that merging the various test and assessment tools can help in achieving accurate results about test-takers. In the future, counselors should advocate for creation of advanced calculating machine software with capabilities of synchronizing with various tolls such as interviews, role-plays and case history data to perform quick analysis of results.Computer has proved to be an prerequisite instrument for any kind of work. It has the capability of multitasking and unconscious processing large volumes of data at fast speed. It is for the reasons that there is need for development of software programs that can process interview results, case history data, and videos of role play, and perform analysis to produce accurate results about conditions affecting special groups (Cohen, Swerdlik & Sturman, 2013). The Diagnostic Statistical Manual (DSM) broadly used for individuals with co-occurring disorders should be installed in tablet and laptop computers for use during assessments. The installation should be in such a manner that computer process results upon cross of the items evident in

Roosevelt Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Roosevelt Politics - Essay ExampleFascism and Benito Mussolini arose in Italy, and Adolph Hitler and the Nazi party took over Germany. Civil war broke out in Spain, and militarists gained control of Japan. The futile League of Nations stood by as nationalism and aggression grew. For Franklin Roosevelt, these international conflicts, as well as economic problems at home, would prove to be serious obstacles as he tried to implement his foreign policy.In 1928, the US joined 62 other nations in signing the Kellogg - Briand Pact. This agreement declared the war could not be used as an instrument of national policy. But it did not have any way to punish countries that broke their promise.1 Americans were greatly alarmed by the international conflicts of Roosevelts presidency. But they generally believed that the United States should stay isolated from those conflicts. Isolationism in America grew steadily throughout the 1930s with many books go claims that the US had been dragged into Wo rld War I by arms manufacturers and bankers at home, who wanted the chance to make a profit. A committee led by North Dakota Senator Gerald Nye found that banks and manufacturers had made large profits during the war, and public furor grew.2 After the horrible losses of World War I, Americans became staunchly determined to rid of going to war.Moreover, America had serious problems at home with... This growing isolationism had a huge impact on Roosevelts foreign policy. Early in his presidency, he present his diplomatic ability by reaching out to the Soviet Union and continuing a policy of non-intervention in Latin America. He encouraged congress to pass the Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act in 1934, lowering trade barriers and giving the president the power to make trade agreements with other nations.3 starting line in 1935, in response to fighting in Spain and elsewhere, Congress created the Neutrality Acts, designed to outlaw arms sales or loans to countries at war. Although Congr ess worked serious to maintain neutrality, it soon became impossible to avoid the conflicts across the ocean. Roosevelt found creative ways to implement his foreign policy despite the wishes of Congress. In 1937, Japan launched a new attack on China. Roosevelt declared that, since Japan had not formally declared war against China, there was no need to enforce the Neutrality Acts. This allowed the US to support China by sending arms and supplies.4 Later that year, Roosevelt spoke in Chicago. In one of his best-known speeches, he called on nations of the world to isolate or isolate aggressive nations like Japan and Germany to stop the spread of war. The quarantine speech declared that 10% of the nations of the world were threatening international chaos. He called for the remaining peace-loving nations to stand against them to preserve peace.5It looked like this speech would be the beginning of Roosevelts stand against aggression. But isolationist newspapers lambasted him, causing hi m to retreat. Roosevelt, a needlelike politician, knew that any risky foreign policy decisions would jeopardize badly

The Paradox of American Government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Paradox of American Government - Essay Examplehe fragmentation of power within the federal official framework has meant that certain influential groups have come forward to manipulate this in their own favor. Consequently, the authorities seems lethargic and often unresponsive in transaction with majority demands as it bows to other pressures.The move to occupy Wall Street clearly signifies how this political attitude is now affecting citizen and voter participation in the overall political edge. After the financial failure of large financial institutions, the federal government underwent bailout and rescue packages to protect these institutions. Now that these businesses ar recovering, the people at the helm of affairs in these institutions are using unethical practices to reward themselves. This very issue had already caused a failure of the economic system. Calls to ensure greater transparency and accountability at Wall Street went unheeded by the federal government. Conseq uently disillusioned citizens and voters came together in order to coerce the government into acceding to their demands through a show of strength at Wall Street (Apps, 2011).Disappointment with the political process has two major affects for the ordinary citizen, one that the average citizen fails to be interested in the voting process anymore (Dalton, 2006) and two that the average citizen tries to take power into his/her own hands to defend his interests. The fact that citizens are less and less interested in the political process has been related for a few decades now (Powell, 1986). Overall citizen participation in the voting process has been on the decline progressively as citizens especially from marginalized groups fail to see any point in voting when their demands will not be met with. already the American democratic process is under threat from large gaps in voter turnout through various factors such as income, length of residence, ethnicity, educational achievement and a ge (AGTP, 2010). Also there are threats emerging to voter turnout

Assignment 7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Assignment 7 - Essay Examplef psychotic disorders characterized by effective distortions of reality emotional and mental disorganization, as well as the withdrawal of individuals from social interaction. Some theories while trying to explain schizophrenia, give primacy to biologically related factors like biomechanical imbalance. Other theories tend to emphasize on the dynamism of the family, for example, the way one expresses hostility to the ill individual.Depressive disorder entails signs of intense sadness, feelings of futility and worthlessness, and withdrawal from others (Sue, Sue, and Sue, 1990, p. 325). Characteristics of falling off are often physically manifested in change in appetite, sleep, and motivations like boredom and apathy.Cross-cultural studies reveal that there are variations in the way cultures qualify and communicate symptomatology of depression. Some cultures use fewer words in conveying emotions like anger and sadness.Somatization entails the use of bodily complaints as a means of expressing psychological distress. Certain studies have proposed that certain groups, like Hispanics and Japanese somaticize comparatively more than Americans and Europeans. Some of the complaints include intestinal problems and low back pain. Therefore, the carried out research suggests that, heretofore if previously regarded a phenomenon of culture-specific could be universal embedding meanings of culture-specific as well as expression modes. Culture-bound syndromes present the strongest relevance regarding cultural relativism in comprehending and addressing abnormality.Historically, the literature can be put into view points, with the first view proposes that psychopathology and culture are intertwined, and that one has to constrain him/herself within a given framework of culture. This approach is referred to as cultural relativism. The other view, which contrasts the first one hold proposes that even if culture plays a responsibility while determining t he actual behavior, the

Young and restless in china Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Young and restless in china - Essay Exampledoctrine and emergence of open trade economic system based on the capitalism, current Chinese capitalist economy presents immense opportunities for personal growth and prosperity. However, in the process of materialistic growth and development, Chinese youth finds itself stuck in the middle of clashes between traditional Chinese values and rapidly growing Western ideologies in the country (Williams & Dietz, 2008). The documentary has captured this struggle of a young Chinese generation to balance between the old and new virtues through the stories of nine young Chinese people. Out of these nine, the present paper analyzes the recital of one character, Miranda Hong who is a successful marketing executive in advertising branch of a mutual computer storage corporate order (Williams & Dietz, 2008).Miranda Hong is an ambitious, young woman. She has been ever so dedicated and serious about her life goals, work, and career. However, since the early young age, she had to take some crucial decisions which significantly influenced her career progress. In 2003, Miranda successfully completed her MBA from the telephone circuit institution in move, which is considered as one of the topmost and reputed universities in the country. Soon after her graduation, Miranda had to take a critical decision whether to settle in Shanghai or return to Beijing. Mirandas husband and parents live in Beijing. In terms of her career, Shanghai was the best choice to live as there were Brobdingnagian opportunities. Despite being aware of this fact, Miranda Hong opted to return to her family in Beijing, giving priorities to her family duties and responsibilities rather than own career (Williams & Dietz, 2008). Further, while working in a mutual fund investment company, Miranda faced a dilemma of continuing or quitting the job. Miranda was working in an advertising section of the company and working on the projects which were meant to promote the companys mutual fund policies, focusing common and senior citizens.

The Family Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Family Business - Essay ExampleHowever, growing up, my legs seemed to straighten bulge out while my hair finally shape out. However, this only preceded my puberty struggles with acne and braces. This period also marked a growing bond between my father and me as he taught me the power of words and how to habituate words to break barriers. It also marked my increased appreciation of family. My father was especially fond of what he liked to refer to as a family night clip, which was a monthly ritual where, as family members, we came together for various activities. It involved family councils that involved everyone speaking out their mind, and we believed that all we did and said really mattered and would result in actions. This would be followed by the board or card games that my father would use to incorporate moral lessons and the value of family. This would give way to song and inspired dance, which was interspersed with stories from my senior brother who was sooner the mast er storyteller. Ice cream, of course, was never far off, and it was probably the only way to keep my younger sister interested. As the fifth churl and second son in a family of eight children, these family nights were quite the event rarely did any pass without some form of event. These varied from straight out fights, hair pulling, and a number of fistfights between my older brother and me. One evening, my mother insisted that we all sat down and watched Sound of Music, which I found quite prospicient. In the end, she asked us if we had seen any similarities between the Vontrap family and our family. Seething from an earlier altercation with my brother, I replied that the eldest son did not seem to have a girlfriend. This resulted in a fight that my family enjoyed greatly except, of course, for my mother who was horrified. While everyone else seemed to have positive things to say about the delineation, I had only seen a nun and children. It is only historic period later that I re alized why my mother had insisted that we watch the movie, as well as the lesson she was trying to teach us. Growing up, my mother had to work long hours usually left us in the care of our elder siblings. This normally resulted in numerous fights, which ended up hurting my mother very much. She had wanted us to see that siblings should stick together through thick and thin and that we were all expected to get along. In addition, our father was home most of the time as he worked from home and we had given him a lot of problems growing up. He never complained, however, and was always smiling. In fact, he had wrinkles at the corners of his eyes from his smiling. The movie took a sympathetic view of a father left, with many children, to look after I fail to remember how many children the Captain had. Thinking back, I wish I had given my father the peace he so craved, but being me, I always pestered him and never gave him a misadventure to rest. One July morning, when the dew was still nestling on the garden leaves, my father took me out into the woods and sat me on a dead log. Slowly, he pulled out a cotton handkerchief from his pocket and unfolded it.

CALL research review Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CALL research review - Assignment ExampleIn addition, the results depict the role of CALL in using technology available to sum up unusual words learning effectiveness in students. The article then develops the conclusion that CALL system increases the effectiveness of foreign language learning programs. In addition, students tend embrace the CALL system learning program more than than other learning approaches (Nerbonne & Katushemererwe, 2014).From the article, the results obtained depict that the use CALL increases the effectiveness of foreign language learning programs. The conclusion is accurate based on that the results from the research realized that students found it simpler and effective to use CALL system rather other breeding techniques in learning of a foreign language. From the results, one may ask the question on what qualities are available for CALL that makes it effective? The system master(prenominal) unique property is the use of technology such as online learnin g approaches (Stockwell, 2012). This property allows the tutor to develop modernized curriculums. In addition, the student are provided with more appealing and interesting learning programs (Stockwell, 2012).In an argument by Beatty (2013) the CALL system has to its exposure the use of the online methods learning techniques. The author further points out that info sharing and dissemination on this approach is more effective (Beatty, 2013). Consequently, the learning experience is made more effective for both the tutor and the students. In regards to foreign language learning, the CALL system increase the scope of research that could done to enhance the learning experience. In addition, through research the tutor is able to infer trends in a particular foreign language that may increase the effectiveness of the student to attain the objectives and goals of the foreign language learning programs (Stockwell, 2012).One study strength of the article is that the text

Employee Portfolio Motivational Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Employee Portfolio Motivational Plan - Assignment ExampleAs a matter of fact, he is on the brink of being the holy man employee he just needs that aspect of motivation. Since Timothy has different needs that are independent of each other but all need to be satisfied, the motivation theory that best explains his situation is Alderfers ERG theory. For example, although he prefers to work alone, he aspires to be in a leadership position. At the same time, although he is socially inclined, he is not empathetic.Elza needs attention, emotional support, and better working conditions. She is a very emotional person who tends to get frustrated quickly. This could explain why she has problems with her boss and her juniors. Elza needs to feel valued, understood, and trusted. Her superiors should seriously consider her emotional needs and work conditions in order to bring the best out of her because these appear to be her main areas of concern. The theory that best explains Elzas situation is H erzbergs two-factor theory, which identifies motivators and hygiene as the two aspects that cause workplace satisfaction or dissatisfaction. While Elza is pull to her work and exhibits professionalism, her working conditions (hygiene factors) are suppressing her enthusiasm for work. Based on Herzbergs theory, Elzas situation embodies low hygiene and high motivation combination (Pinder, 2014). She heap perform much better if she is provided with ideal working conditions and more emotional support. Elza also exhibits certain aspects of McClellands motivation theory, specifically the achievement dimension. She wants to excel, prefers to work alone, and is highly driven to accomplish tasks.Emerick has all the qualities of any organizations ideal employee. However, he also has some weaknesses that need to be eliminated, although they are not so worrying as to affect his overall performance. This employee needs to be given more indoctrination in the

Gateway Project for Snowtown Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Gateway forecast for Snowtownspeople - Case Study ExampleIn order to reverse this abysmal trend, my plan proposes the design and implementation of a project that will establish two main gateway signs, to be primed(p) in two strategic sites in the town. The overall rationale behind this decision is to present Snowtown to commuters before their entry into the district. It will also serve as a quick reference to what is on offer and where it can be obtained within the premise of the city.The project envisages beyond given the town an aesthetic descriptor lift to also providing a one stop coordinating network of the towns iconic and signing outlay. To be incorporated in the project is the construction of usual services centers at definite locations within the overall framework of the project.Snowtown by virtue of her location is the most preferred route for road users commuting to and fro Adelaide and sort Piere. Owing to this significant advantage, it is incumbent on the city plann ers to identify how to enhance the comparative advantage of this phenomenon within the established context of road transport. A youthful survey indicates that, most travelers know little or nothing about this boisterous town besides cruising through it to their intended destinations.The project therefore, desires to embark on a massive publicity campaign that will showcase the township as an appealing tourism destination that will treat visitors to a charming exhibition of the rich cultural heritage of Snowtown. It will serve as a platform to tap into the vibrant agricultural legacy for which the township is reputed for. In the case of Snowtown, besides the conventional road signage, there is a conspicuous gap in the provision of other equally relevant information outposts that presents the town in a unique fashion with the view of marketing it. In recognition of the above fact, there has been a remarkable move by brass in recent times to explore within in stock(predicate) provi sions to pursue viable programmes that spurs sustainable economic improvement nationwide of which infrastructural development ranks high. The governments policy is motivated by the knowledge that given the relevant policy backing, cities and towns within the local government and decentralization programme can be challenged under available resources to resuscitate their dormant economic forces and also discover other fallow segments that have hitherto been overlooked. This is the basis upon which, this project is in resonance with an overall field of study agenda of economic development using infrastructural improvement as a catalyst to achieve this goal. Judging from the above, it cannot be disputed that this project is not save timely, but also connected with the long held value system that defines the township and people of Snowtown. It provides an opportunity to seal the patches that are causing leakages to the economic, social and tourist endowments in the intended project im plementation locations. When all is said and done, the project will have immediate benefits to the current generation with rippling effects on posterity.1.2Project OverviewA) Project Title

Did Elizabeth Lizze Borden murder her parents Essay

Did Elizabeth Lizze Borden performance her parents - Essay ExampleThis question has puzzled many critics, researchers, writers and people associated with the legal punishments since the brave century. The general public has also shown great interest in the subject that what had compelled a young daughter to kill her parents? Did she really kill them or on that point was someone else involved in the faux pas that did not show up to the await screen. The events of a hot summer day in 1892 remained a secret however history has offered us some interesting facts which can prove to be helpful in solving this case of fell killing. On wonderful 4, 1892 Mr. Andrew Jackson Borden with his second wife Abby Durfee Gray was found brutally murdered in their house located in Fall River, Massachusetts. It was a hot prosperous day and both were killed by a sharp axe (Watson, Elizabeth E.). Lizzie Borden was at home when the incident took place and was accused of the criminal act. But she was declared unprejudiced after the trial. The town people believed that she had murdered her parents however even after more than 100 years the mystery has remained unsolved. Nobody knows about the actual murderer. notwithstanding of her being indicted she inherited a con placerable property from her fathers wealth. THE MYSTERYCritics and writers have a strong consensus on one point of the case that it was none other than Lizzie who murdered her father and step mother using a very sharp axe. The possible reason for such a brutal act is suggested to be the family disputes going on between Mr. Andrew Borden and his daughter Lizzie Borden in relation to the distribution of property among the family members of Lizzies step mother, Abby Gray. ... Whereas on the other side Lizzie was extremely disturbed after the death of her mother she never accepted the new family member, Ms Abby as her mother again. She was a well respected wench among the town members but the uncertainty going on wi thin the family was known to everyone. It was a hot morning when Mr. Andrew was found dead in his room fabrication on the sofa. His body was showing the marks of heavy wounds including the poor condition of his head which was struck eleven times with a sharp instrument. His eye balls were nuts which clearly represented the extremely cruel nature of the murderer. On the other hand his wifes body was found in the guest room. She was kneeled obliterate on the bed which showed that she had been setting the bed when someone stabbed her head from the back using the same instrument nineteen or more times. Fortunately or unfortunately Lizzie was at home when the incident took place and she was the one who informed mates and servants. As soon as the news spread out neighbors and town people also get in to see what has happened as the Borden family was considered one of the richest families in the town and that the murder was too much suspicious. Soon after the murder Lizzie was arrested a s being accused of doing the criminal activity but was released after some months of trial (Kent, David). Her declared innocence put many questions in front of the critics and general public that either she was a real murderer or the courts decision was a justified one? Argument query shows that she had committed the crime because throughout the trial session she was continuously changing her statements, she was seen very nervous and frequently changed her answers about her position when his father came back home. prototypic she said that she was in

Advantages and Disadvantages of a PRP System Research Paper

Advantages and Disadvantages of a PRP System - Research Paper ExamplePRP system was a big idea of the late 1980s. It was viewed as the effect for motivating people and developing their performance. Nearly 40% of the organizations used in 1998 for management, 25% for non-management. The wave turned reverse PRP in the 1990s when the previous schemes were not delivering the expected results. Extensive innovations in compensation systems and, in particular, a variety of attempts to relate pay to a measure of performance have been witnessed in young years. Those innovations have been related to wider initiatives in order to improve the performance of organisations and in particular efforts to increase employee involvement. On the whole, there has been systematic seek on the do of performance-related pay (PRP) schemes. Also, existing results seems a little bit contradictory, with some studies suggesting that PRP schemes might have a positive influence on organisational performance. Th e majority of existing research focuses on individual-based PRP, especially piece-rates, in spite of the existence of a wide variety of schemes that are neither based on individual performance nor evening a tangible measure of output. Many PRP schemes focus on paying to a work-group or firm performance measures. Some, on the other hand, is based on subjective measures of output, such as merit pay. There are also schemes that link a component of pay to the profits of the organisation or passing play employees shares in lieu of cash as forms of team PRP scheme. Furthermore, these can also be regarded as similar to PRP schemes, although involving a very indirect link between performance and pay.

Global Marketing Research Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 2

Global Marketing Research Assignment - Essay ExampleIt is the reason as to why they have act to enjoy steady stream of growth and increase in the amount of revenue in their finances. It goes without saying that the company has enjoyed the near monopoly status on the globose front (Hiki & Virtanen, 2002).This paper will thus discuss the impact and growth of the Nokia Company as a single source from Finland to the external markets such as South Africa and Chile as prime exporting destinations of the mobile devices. The paper will also focus on the proper exporting mechanisms and techniques that Nokia as a Finnish company would penetrate and enter the Chilean and South African country (Kent, 2007).As much as the marketing team of the Nokia Company has strived to do its best in the recent past, there are other drafts of measures of in terms of global marketing that the company could explore for better growth. It stems from the fact that apiece and every country has a different market dimension and set up thus care and attention must be allocated to the various countries in a different way (Andersson & Wictor, 2003). In brief, this analysis will discuss the market topography and spectrum of the various countries with the feasible chances of penetration by Nokia, the company.South Africa is unrivalled of the close to promising countries in the world in the form of a market because of the following outlined issues such as a viable economic milieu (Myers, 2002). It is one of the emerging democracies in the African continent which has recorded good prospects of economic viability and growth in the recent as compared with other African nations such as Somalia (Myers, 2002). It is so because the country has one of the most diverse compositions of people with different tastes in electronic gadgets and devices (Clarke, 1996).South Africa in its structure and population has one of the most diverse societal spectrums in

Dance Lesson 5 Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Dance Lesson 5 Assignment - Essay ExampleThe video which is a record from a performance at walker art gallery in Minneapolis MN, it shows a brown man who literally walks down the wall. The video clearly is a representation of what happens in the real world where builders take risk in climbing those tall building. Though restrained by ropes which keep him steady during the walk, the walker welcome adequate and sufficient body balance which prevent him from falling sideways. Using the collect gear and security details that the wall that he walks down should be rough to avoid sliding and also be in rubber shoes which have a fine grip to the wall. People like my egotism with much escalated height phobia can non think of such an act leave alone partaking it .This piece of resource is nice to watch since it is entertaining but its not faithful to perform owing to the risk one have to overlook.Dance gives us different cultural beliefs and tradition taking an example when one watches Ind ians dance even without clarification one shall know that those are Indian who dance differently with the Europeans and Africans who are known for their vigorous dancing styles by presenting a skinny art which is accurate with nature originality in an ideal form which portrays a realistic picture to the audience is a conventional way of making a good representation to the audience.Every piece of art should have a clear communication to the art this can be a moral, religious and policy-making communication. This can use different forms of communication like symbolism ideas and other knowledge to pass information in a effective non verbal communication. prowess addresses people through the mind that means that great piece of art should communicate before it is understood.Formalism which is a significant form where shapes colors and sketches alternatively, good art uses formal elements to trigger an aesthetic motion to those who are considered as sensitive audience. According to

Rephrase Completely Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Rephrase Completely - Essay Exampletickets with much mooer cost with their business model mirroring that of SWA with only a single oddball of airplane being used thus lowering their total maintenance costs. In addition, JetBlue has also been successful in its cost management strategy by plying their aircrafts to longer distances and also boarding more passengers in a single flight. This strategy has enabled them to gain more profits by covering the fixed costs in the higher number of tickets sold. The low fares offered by the airline per available seat-mile is the lowest fare provided in the whole of the US.Apart from the cost leadership, JetBlue further distinguishes itself from SWA in other facilities offered to the passengers. SWA has only been able to offer the low air fares by compromising on certain passenger amenities. However, JetBlue has been able to provide high-class serve to its passengers even magical spell offering low fares. Some of the facilities offered which dis tinguishes JetBlue from its competitors include comfortable leather seats several facilities for entertainment such as individual screens and radio receiver channels. Thus JetBlue has been able to successfully integrate the lower costs of structure and operations with high-class facilities and service provided to the passengers. In addition to these, better services and low fares are also available even during ticket procurement. JetBlue deploys live agents in the ticketing department as it has realized that several customers prefer to speak to agents directly while purchasing their tickets. They also offer home sourcing for aged customers who are unable to commute or buy tickets online. Such measures have increased their productivity and emerged as a cheaper alternative to outsourcing and has also contributed to better face value among its customers. Adopting the integration strategy has given a competitive advantage to JetBlue which offers low cost and a relatively better service valueWhile such integrative measures can create a

Pest Analysis for market occupying Essay Example for Free

Pest Analysis for securities industry occupying EssayPest analysisThe following pest analysis has been created for three markets separately. Pest analysis stands for political, economic, socio-cultural and expert environment. ingestion of the pest analysis guides our company to work according to the changes taking place in these categories. Moreover good commit of the analysis assist the company to vacate taking action that is condemned to failure from the outset, for reason beyond its control. The following is a pest analysis created for the market occupying Dubai and capital of the United Kingdom. Socio-culturalThere is vast cultural difference in regard to locals in these countries. Both the countries population consists of various other nationalities. Dubai and London has tolerance of other religions and culture. Population density London (12,450/sq mi (4,807/km2), Dubai 408.18/km2 (1,057/sq mi).Political effective and regulatory bodiesBoth the countries share strict ai r power based regulation and laws. Regulatory body for London CAA (civil aviation authority) Regulatory body for Dubai DCAA (Dubai Civil aviation Authority) There is no such political conflict in this market, which makes origin between these two countries quite versatile.mart Dubai and London economicalLondon stark(a) Domestic Product (GDP) increased 0.8 per cent Dubai finance official predicts the UAE economy will top US$272 billion (S$361 billion)- 2010 Foreign exchange market scourge sterling- 12.9% (daily share). Londons largest industry is finance. Tourism is one of Londons prime industries. Dubai is also an international pecuniary centre and has been ranked 37th.TechnologicalDubais industry growth had given way for technological advancement. Use oftechnology has increased London based companies in Dubai. London has various companies advising on the use of new technologies to other companies. Airlines based in Dubai use advanced technology to operate their businesses in Lon don and Hong Kong.Pest analysis occupying the market in Dubai and Hong KongSocio-culturalHong Kong the culture is a mix of the Chinese roots with influences from its meter as a British colony. Dubai Dubai is a highly cosmopolitan society with a diverse and vibrant culture. Honk Kong Population density 6480/km216,576/sq mi. Dubai 408.18/km2 (1,057/sq mi).Dubai and Hong Kong has an established business link, which is an advantage to the aviation industry.PoliticalLegal and regulatory bodiesDubais aviation regulatory body DCAA (Dubai Civil aviation Authority), Hong Kong Civil Aviation Administration of China. presidency of Hong Kong Non-sovereign partial democracy with unelected executive. Hong Kong continues to follow the English Common Law tradition established under British rule. Dubai and Hong Kong has no existing political conflicts.Market Dubai and Hong KongEconomicalHong Kong an important centre for international finance and trade. Hong Kong dollar 2.4% (daily share)Hong Kong GDP growth rate economy is expected to grow 5 percent in 2010, whitethorn shrink 2 percent this year. Unemployment 4.3% (July 2010). Main exports partners China, US and Japan.TechnologicalDubais industry growth has given way for technological advancement. The Innovation and engine room Commission (ITC) in Hong Kong supports appliedresearch and development (RD) and technology transfer and application. Hong Kong has seen a rise in technological advancement which has contributed to economic and social development.Pest analysis for market occupying in London and Hong KongSocio-culturalHong Kong the culture is a mix of the Chinese roots with influences from its time as a British colony. In terms of population, London is the twenty-fifth largest city. London is also home to sizeable Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, and Jewish communities. Social trend (London and Hong Kong) career oriented, working class, low level of death rate.TechnologicalThe Innovation and Technology Commission (ITC) in Hong Kon g supports applied research and development (RD) and technology transfer and application. Hong Kong has seen a rise in technological advancement which has contributed to economic and social development. London has a vibrant and growing IT sector. The region boasts over 350 companies with approximately 8000 employees.EconomicalThe Hong Kong Stock Exchange is the 6th largest in the world. London is a major financial centre for international business and commerce. Public debt London 68.5% of GDP (2009 est.). Hong Kong 14.5% of GDP (2008 est.) Labor forceHong Kong 3.64 million (2007 est.)London provincial unemployment rate fell from 8.9% to 8.6%. (2010)Market London and Hong KongPoliticalLegal and regulatory bodiesHong Kong Civil Aviation Administration of China. London CAA (civil aviation authority) Hong Kong follows a free trade policy and hencemaintains essentially no barriers on trade. There are various laws and regulations implied on businesses being set up in London, even for tra ding as well.

Adversities in of Mice and Men Essay Example for Free

Adversities in of Mice and Men EssaySteinbeckIn the novel Of Mice and Men, the problems experienced by the characters are often over looked in party favour of the themes of the book. However, by looking at the adversities of all of the characters, one and only(a) nominate see the same adversities expressed in our witness lives by examining these said adversities, one can also learn to face such difficulties in the real world and better determine how to handle them. In the novel, Lennie faces difficulty in explaining himself to the rest of the world. Since he is mentally challenged, most people, even George aroundtimes, underestimated his intelligence and logic skills.In Weed, the ranchers assumed the worst about him and didnt stop to think of his motives. They chased George and Lennie out of townspeople with a mob of angry ranchers. At the ranch in Soledad, Lennie is given most of the basic tasks. Everyone assumes he cannot do work like a common ranch hand. And again, afte r he kills Curlys wife, everyone, except George and perhaps Slim, assumes he killed her out of pure spite. This lack of interest in his true motives is identical to the lack of interest the world has for our motives for anything.The world focuses more on what we have done than on why we have done it. If one cannot display ones motives or desires, then the world assumes the worst, and often society labels situations in a less than satisfactory manner. George faces a barrier in achieving his dream of owning a ranch of his own. partially this is his doing, as shown with the wasting of money on cathouses and booze, but there are other factors as well, like the death of Lennie. Also, George seems to abandon any hope in his dream at the end of the novel.In this case, one can see that if ample efforts are not taken in the right direction one cannot achieve his goal to its entirety. Furthermore, the way the workmen take away Candys heel is similar to the way the world takes away the joys e xperienced by some members of the society. Candys dog, symbolic of Candys life and livelihood, was more big to him than some of the other ranch hands. Carlson, the representative of the world, took Candys dog from him and killed it, just as the world will sometimes take what we hold most dear.One can learn from this to hold on to what is most important to them. One should never let the world dictate how to make decisions on how to live life. In conclusion, the problems of the characters in Of Mice and Men are very similar to the problems in the real world. In the novel, however, the difficulties are more apparent than in the world. By applying the experiences of the characters to ones own life, one can learn how to better himself for his own benefit.

Leadership style affect on employee work performance

Leadership fashion affect on employee work public presentationAccording to Khurana, R. (2002) attractorship is essentially the secret to successfully fulfilling demanding roles in todays society. A leading modal value encompasses a consistent combination of individual behaviors and attitudes towards group members in order to achieve goals. Effective leaders can be a fundamental tool in maximizing company effect and has elicited an abundance of question. Employee performance comprises of two components performance on the play and withdrawal from the job (Brayfield, A.H. and Crockett, W.H., 1955). Performance on the job refers to factors much(prenominal) as efficiency and general measuring and quality of output. Withdrawal from the job demonstrates adverse occurrences including absences, accidents and turnover. Subsequent definitions have marked performance as the ability to accomplish a purpose and produce the desire result (Chatman and Flynn, 2001).This essay seeks to ou tline types of leadership panaches projected by various researchers. In a culture that has denoted the immense brilliance of effective leadership, it will and so analyse the effects of leadership styles on employee work performance in accordance to the criteria above. To conclude, this essay will question the impact of leadership style, and finally hand whether it is crucial for adequate performance.During the twentieth century, it was thought that reaching goals were vital to success, leading to the development of classical theories such as Taylors theory of Scientific counsel and Fords penetration of the Assembly Line. However, Mayos Hawthorne Studies exposed the importance of social factors in addition to economic motivators. Thus, the homosexual dealing Movement emerged resulting in a shifted focus onto social processes, and efficaciously the expansion of leadership theories.The Ohio State Studies highlighted two central factors to leadership Initiating Structure and C onsideration (Stogdill, 1974). Initiating structure addressed task behaviours which served to fulfill duties whereas consideration represented kindred behaviours which aided to build leader-fol economic crisiser links. Essentially, levels of each component would combine to signify the leadership style a particular leader would adopt (see Appendix 1 in Appendices). Likert (1961) went on to summarise leadership styles into four types exploitative dogmatic, benevolent autocratic, consultative and democratic.Leadership styles could be distinguished into four main types autocratic, democratic, laissez-faire and human relations. An autocratic (or directive) leader would exude a sense of control and often outlining the means of how to achieve targets. Democratic leaders would alternatively consult group members and implement a vote before final decisions. Democratic leaders fall into a sub-group of participative leaders which involve group members in decision making. The laissez-faire o nrush encourages independence of chase and rarely contributes to the methods of output. Finally, a human relations style comprises of attributes similar a democratic leader, emphasizing the importance of consulting those involved before making a decision (Berkowitz, 1954). The Michigan Studies concluded that leadership styles could be formed on a basis of their employee orientation and production orientation, which consisted of behaviours similar to the Ohio State studies (Katz, D., Kahn, R.L., 1951). Originally, these constructs were seen as underage variables that is, if a leader was highly employee orientated their focus on product was compromised and vice versa. However, this principle was subsequently reconceptualised and viewed as independent constructs (Kahn, R.L., 1956).The development of assessment methods later(prenominal) materialized including the Managerial Grid which assigned leaders levels of task and people concern (Blake and Mouton, 1964, 1978 1985). The five central styles are exhibited in Appendix 2 in the Appendices. An authority-compliance leadership style would possess large focus on output and presuppose that followers would obey their orders. Conversely, a County club style leader would stress the importance of addressing peoples needs before output. Impoverished Management Style involves little input from the leader in some(prenominal) aspects, which could be associated with the laissez-faire approach.Initially, autocratic leadership appeared to be idyllic in boosting performance. Before Fords Assembly Line was introduced the factory was producing two-hundred cars per day at a rate of ten days per car. The introduction of Fordism entailed ordering employees when and how to put down tasks. Consequently, productivity rose leading to a total increase of two-thousand-and-five hundred cars per day (Roberts, A., 2009). One cannot deny that autocratic leadership was effective in reaching, and regular exceeding, performance targets. H owever, according to Blake, R.R. and Mouton, J.S. (1975), the effectiveness of authority has diminished. It seems that as the human relations movement emerged, so did new preferential leadership styles today, in an environment of vastly improved education many are rejecting traditional authority and trying to set up and act upon their own.Results from Blake and Moutons Managerial Grid found that most respondents pretend towards the 5, 5 middle-of-the-road style. This implies that most common leadership styles consist of a balance surrounded by people and task concern. The 9, 9 approach is acknowledged by managers as the soundest way to achieve excellence. This conclusion has been verified from studies without the U.S. and around the world. (Blake Mouton, 1975). It seems that nowadays attention to employees needs whilst maintaining performance targets is a must. Leadership styles that incorporate both concerns are vital to boosting employee performance. According to Lewin et. al (1939), variations of leadership styles influences performances. This study measured the consequence of leadership style on onset, which could used to connote performance since aggression could be attributed to withdrawal from the job. Laissez-faire was the most common situation for provoking aggression followed by autocracy and democracy. This suggests leadership styles alternate aggression levels and possibly performance. However, it is rocky to generalise findings from a study of young children performing trivial tasks to large organisations where tasks are complex and aggression is not tolerated.Further findings concluded the boys agreed in a relative dislike for their autocratic leader whereas the majority of participants preferred their democratic leaders to their autocratic ones. Assuming that higher liking for a leader would result in preferential performance, this could infer that a democratic leadership style has a positive effect, thus supporting the argument that lead ership style impacts performance.However, it would be reductionist to draw a finite conclusion on the practicality of leadership styles according to this piece. It fails to recognise the importance of upbringing which evidently affects the impact of leadership styles. The participant to dislike their democratic leader happened to be the son of an army officerand consciously put a high value upon strict discipline. Thus, it is not solely leadership style that affects behaviour but also the values and social norms an individual has acquired. If this concept were expanded onto organisational terms, it could be said that the culture of a bloodline would contribute to whether leadership has a consequence. For instance, in the Ford factories a democratic approach may have been in book in an environment where workers were unskilled and compulsory guidance, hence why autocracy succeeded in boosting performance.An important factor to consider when assessing the usefulness of leadership sty le is situational variables that exist beyond the control of leaders. According to Tannenbaum and Schmidt (1958) these variables take Type of Organisation Group Effectiveness The Problem Itself and The Pressure of Time These factors could determine the success of leadership styles, and leadership as a general instrumental role of performance. Participative leadership has been found to be more favourable for moderately structured problems while directive leadership was more compatible in situations facing slightly structured problems (Kahai, S. et. al, 1997). This most certainly has implications for the role of leadership styles within the workplace. It could infer that under circumstances where the problem comprises of routine and repetitive tasks a participative leadership style is complimentary in motivating employees to sustain performance. Conversely, problems which are more ambiguous may call for a directive leadership style to inspire followers and unite towards the sam e goal. Thus, in one respect, it could be argued that leadership styles are ineffective in promoting employee performance as situational variables will ultimately alter overall success. Nevertheless, it is not unreasonable to dispute that, provided the right style is adopted, leadership style can be imperative in steering employees towards the right aims using the appropriate methods. Conducted research measured the effects of directive and participative leadership style on Heterogeneous teams (teams comprised of members deriving from varying backgrounds with dissimilar skills) and team reflection, and subsequently performance (Somech, A., 2006). Findings discover that participative leadership lowered team in-role performance under the condition of high functional heterogeneity but found no effect on low functional heterogeneity. Directive leadership, however, had a positive impact on performance. Therefore, it could be debated that leadership style has a consequence on work perfor mance. However, Somech has pointed out that an probe by Kahai et al. (1997) found no difference in frequency of supportive remarks or of critical remarks in teams working with a participative and with a directive superior. Hence, suggesting that workers relinquish to notify a difference between these leadership styles and are able to respond to both forms, which subsequently casts doubt over the value of leadership styles. The relevance of leadership styles is challenged by several theories including the trait approach. It proposes that successful leadership is derived from the possession of certain characteristics such as drive, honesty and integrity and self-confidence rather than styles (Kirkpatrick, S.A. and Locke, E.A., 1991). financial backing research for this approach is plentiful in comparison to the style approach (Stogdill, R.M, 1948 1974 Mann, R.D., 1959 Kirkpatrick, S.A. Locke, E.A., 1991). However, it is yet to generate a definite list of traits and there is less uncontaminating evidence to support certain traits such as charisma. In reality, despite its enticing facade, the possession of charisma can often lead to corporations hiring inappropriate candidates. The mischievous effects of charisma were exposed in the case of Enron the hiring of Jeff Skilling as CEO contributed to their fatal downfall as he was able to justify unethical activities through his charismatic traits, such as allowing top executives to participate in the off-balance-sheet partnerships, (Khurana, R., 2002). However, this approach has failed to produce substantial research linking it to performance outcomes (Yukl, G., 1994).The issues addressed in this essay tie to the introduction of leadership styles and examines the value on employee performance. The profusion of research in this area infers that leadership style has a consequence on employees in the workplace. Nonetheless, research has failed to depict an adequate association between leadership style and work p erformance, with many results proving contradictory and inconclusive (Yukl, 1994).The lack of conclusive evidence for any approach to explaining leadership could have implications for the concept itself. There is reason to suggest that leadership is not critical with studies finding that forty-seven percent of executives rated their companies overall leadership readiness as poor/fair while a minor eight percent ranked it as excellent (Csoka, L.S., 1998). The reliance of leadership in enhancing performance has largely been questioned with some arguing it as a romanticized conception (Meindl, J.R., et. al, 1985) and others speculating the concept as a social myth which symbolically represents a regressive neediness to return to the symbiotic environment of the womb (Gemmill, G. and Oakley, J., 1992). In other words, leadership is a necessity that society has created itself in order to disillusion individuals with the belief that other should be responsible for creating the visions and responsibilities that they could merely accept themselves. In addition, researchers have argued that leadership is not vital if substitutes are available such as individual job expertise and intrinsic task satisfaction (Kerr, S. and Jermier, J.M., 1978). Thus, it brings it into question that if leadership is not a stabilized concept, then perhaps all theories based on leadership could be brought into interrogation, including the principle of leadership styles.The usefulness of leadership styles is undermined by the lack of an optimal style in all situations. Nevertheless, it has been suggested that leaders have back-up strategies if the usual style of accomplishing tasks fail (Blake, R.R Mouton, J.S, 1975). As oppose to debating which style is superlative, it may be sensible to advocate the notion that styles could compliment one another (Sagie, A., 1997). This proposal reinforces the usefulness of leadership style providing that the appropriate style is employed according to v arying circumstances. The extent of research conducted, regardless of its substantiality, generates implications that leadership styles do matter(Somech, A., 2006). It would be ignorant to deny the order of leadership in organisations, but that is not to say it should not be considered with caution. It would be reductionist to claim leadership is purely the reason for performance variations. Situational variables, such as culture, will inevitably influence leadership success. Rather than arguing a prime style, an appropriate approach to delegating leadership style would be the Path-Goal Theory which states that leadership styles should be allocated according to the characteristics of the subordinates and the nature of the task (House, R.J. Mitchell, R.R., 1974). Leadership style as a reputable concept clearly imposes an effect on efficacy but companies cannot place full reliance on this tool leadership style is merely a stimulant and not the sole creative activity of employee per formance.AppendicesAppendix 1Classic descriptors of leaders decision behaviours diagram taken from Roberts, A. and Corbett, M. (2009) Understanding Organisational Behaviour IB1230. Warwick lineage School McGraw Hill Custom Publishing, p. 197.SHOWING regardHighHumanrelationsDemocraticLowLassez-faireAutocraticLowHighINITIATING STRUCTUREAppendix 2Blake Moutons Managerial Grid. (Blake, R.R and Mouton, J.S. 1975) BibliographyBerkowitz, L. (1954) Group Standards, Cohesiveness, and Productivity, Human Relations 7, pp. 509-514.Blake, R.R. and Mouton, J.S. (1964) The managerial grid. Houston, TX Gulf Publishing Company.Blake, R.R. and Mouton, J.S. (1975) An Overview of the Grid, Training and Development Journal, 29 (5), May, p. 29-36. Blake, R.R. and Mouton, J.S. (1978) The new managerial grid. Houston, TX Gulf Publishing Company.Blake, R.R. and Mouton, J.S. (1985) The managerial grid III. Houston, TX Gulf Publishing Company.Brayfield, A.H., and Crockett, W.H. (1955) Employee Attitudes a nd Employee Performance, mental Bulletin, 52 (5), pp. 396-424Chatman, J.A., and Flynn, F.J. (2001) The Influence of Demographic Heterogeneity on the Emergence and Consequences of Cooperative Norms in Work Teams, The Academy of Management Journal, 44, p. 956-974.Corbett, M. (2009) Understanding Organizational Behaviour (IB1230) Martin Corbett chatter Slides Leadership. Warwick Business School University of Warwick.Csoka, L.S. (1998) Bridging the Leadership Gap. impudent York Conference Board.Dubrin, A.J., 2007, Leadership Research Findings, Practice and Skills. Fifth Edition. Boston, New York. Houghton Mifflin Company.Gemmill, G. and Oakley, J. (1992) Leadership An Alienating Social Myth? Human Relations, 45 (2), February, p. 113-129.House, R.J. Mitchell, R.R. (1974) Path-goal theory of Leadership. Journal of Contemporary Business, 3, pp. 81-97.Kahai, S., Sosik, J. and Avolio, B.J. (1997) The effects of leadership style and problem structure on work group process and outcomes in an electronic meeting system environment, Personnel Psychology, 50 (1), run into, p. 121-146.Kahn, R.L. (1956) The Prediction of Productivity. Journal of Social Issues, 12, pp. 41-49.Katz, D., Kahn, R.L. (1951) Human Organization and worker motivation. In L.R. Tripp (ed), Industrial productivity (pp. 146-171). Madison, WI Industrial Relations Research Association.Kerr, S. and Jermier, J.M. (1978) Substitutes for Leadership Their Meaning and Measurement, Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 22, December, pp. 375-403.Khurana, R. (2002) The Curse of the Superstar CEO. Harvard Business Review, 80 (9), September, p. 60-66.Kirkpatrick, S.A. and Locke, E.A. (1991) Leadership do traits matter?, Academy of Management Executive, 5 (2), May, p. 48-60.Likert, R. (1961) New patterns of management. New York McGraw-Hill.Lewin, K., Lippitt, R. and White, R. (1939) Patterns of aggressive behavior in experimentally created social climates. Journal of Social Psychology, 10 (2), May, p. 27 1-299.Mann, R.D. (1959). A Review of the Relationship between Personality and Performance in Small Groups. Psychological Bulletin, 56, pp. 241-270.Meindl, J.R., Ehrlich, S.B. and Dukerich, J.M. (1985) The Romance of Leadership, Administrative Science Quarterly, 30 (1), March, p. 78-102.Northouse, P.G., 2007, Leadership Theory and Practice. Fourth Edition. California London New Delhi. Sage Publications, Inc.Roberts, A. (2009) Understanding Organizational Behaviour (IB1230) Ashley Roberts Lecture Slides Lecture 3, Classical Theories (2) Ford and The Assembly Line. Slide 8. Warwick Business School University of Warwick.Roberts, A. and Corbett, M. (2009) Understanding Organisational Behaviour IB1230. Warwick Business School McGraw Hill Custom Publishing.Sagie, A. (1997) Leader direction and employee participation in decision making Contradictory or compatible practices? Applied Psychology An foreign Review, 46. p. 387-452.Somech, A. (2006) The Effects of Leadership Style and Team Proc ess of Performance and Innovation in Functionally Heterogeneous Teams, Journal of Management, 32 (1), February, p. 132-157.Stogdill, R.M. (1948). Personal factors associated with Leadership A survey of the literature, Journal of Psychology, 25, pp. 35-71.Stogdill, R.M. (1974). Handbook of leadership A survey of theory and research. New York Free Press.Tannenbaum, R. and Schmidt, W. (1958) How to Choose a Leadership Pattern, Harvard Business Review, 36 (2), March/April, p. 95-101.Yukl, G. (1994). Leadership in organizations. Third edition. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice Hall.Page 1 of 11

Howard Becker and the term moral entrepreneur

Howard Becker and the term slighton entrepreneurHoward Becker is hailed as the founder of contemporary labeling surmise. He as well developed the term moral entrepreneur to describe persons in power who campaign to have indisputable abnormal expression illegalize (Becker, 1963). He claims that many laws argon established for such purposes, and that behavior that is defined as criminal is dynamic and changes throughout date. Therefore, the modus operandiual criminal behavior is immaterial to the achievable action. What re whollyy matters is which outlaws are arrested and transiti one and only(a)d by the criminal jurist system (Becker, 1963). As a result of the belief that personal and societal f phone numberors do non contribute to motivations for criminal behavior there has been little study of the criminal him/herself and the aforesaid f meanss. As one might expect, this aspect of Labeling Theory is still macrocosm debated. There is one exception to this belief, ho wever virtually labeling theorists claim that the system is biased toward the lower class, which constitutes the overwhelming volume of arrests and convictions inside the Ameri wad criminal justice system (Wellford, 1975).This Labeling Theory, found inOutsiders Studies in the Sociology of Deviance(1963), is perhaps his most important and influential contribution to sociology. Influenced by Cooleys spirit-glass self, Meads theories on the internalization of the self, and Lemerts affectionate constructionism, Becker rationalizes that divagation is based on the reactions and responses of some others to an case-by-cases acts. The label of abnormal is applied to an private when others observe their behavior and react to it by labeling that person as pervert. No particular act is inherently unnatural until a group with socially powerful statuses or positions label it as such (Becker, 1963). This theoretical draw close to aberrancy has influenced criminology, gender, sexuality and identity operator research.This work became the manifesto of the labeling opening movement among sociologists. In his opening, Becker writessocial groups create deviance by making rules whose infraction creates deviance, and by applying those references to particular people and labeling them as outsiders. From this point of view, deviance isnota quality of the act the person commits, but rather a consequence of the application by other of rules and sanctions to an offender. The deviant is one to whom that label has been successfully applied deviant behavior is behavior that people so label.8While corporation uses the stigmatic label to justify its condemnation, the deviant actor uses it to justify his actions. He wrote To put a complex argument in a few words instead of the deviant motives leading to the deviant behavior, it is the other way around, the deviant behavior in time produces the deviant motivation.9INFLUENCESBeckers theory evolved during a period of social and po litical power struggle that was amplified within the world of the college campus (Pfohl 1994). Liberal political movements were embraced by many of the college students and faculty in America (Pfohl 1994). Howard Becker harnessed this liberal influence and adjusted Lemerts labeling theory and its symbolic fundamental interaction theoretical background. The labeling theory outlined in Outsiders is recognized as the prevailing social reaction approach by Lemert as well as most other sociologists (www.sonoma.edu ). Beckers approach has its roots in the symbolic interaction foundation of Cooley and Mead, and the labeling influences of Tannenbaum and Lemert.Charles CooleysHuman Nature and the Social Order(1902) examines the personal perception of oneself through studies of children and their imaginary friends. Cooley develops the theoretical concept of the looking glass self, a type of imaginary sociability (Cooley 1902). People imagine the view of themselves through the eyes of others in their social circles and form judgements of themselves based on these imaginary observations (Cooley 1902). The main idea of the looking glass self is that people define themselves according to societys perception of them (www.d.umn.edu). Cooleys ideas, coupled with the industrial plant of Mead, are very important to labeling theory and its approach to a persons acceptance of labels as connect by society.George Meads theory is less worryed with the micro-level focus on the deviant and more concerned with the macro-level performance of separating the conventional and the condemned (Pfohl 1994). InMind, Self, and Society(1934), Mead describes the perception of self as formed within the context of social process (Wright 1984). The self is the product of the minds perception of social symbols and interactions (www.d.umn.edu). The self exists in objective reality and is then internalized into the conscious (Wright 1984). The idea of shifting the focus away from the individual dev iant and looking at how social structure affects the separation of those persons get worded unconventional has a great influence on how Becker approaches labeling theory.Social Pathology(1951) outlines Edwin Lemerts approach to what many consider the original version of labeling theory. Lemert, unhappy with theories that take the concept of deviance for granted, focuses on the social construction of deviance (Lemert 1951). Lemert (1951) describes deviance as the product societys reaction to an act and the affixing of a deviant label on the actor.Social Pathologydetails the concepts of primary winding and secondary deviance. jibe to Lemert (1951), primary deviance is the initial incidence of an act make an authority figure to label the actor deviant. This initial labeling of a deviant act willing remain primary as long as the actor can rationalize or deal with the process as a function of a socially acceptable role (Lemert 1951). If the designate deviant reacts to this process by accepting the deviant label, and further entrenches his/herself in deviant behavior, this is referred to as secondary deviance (Lemert 1951). Lemert considers the causes of primary deviance as fluid, and moreover important to researchers concerned with specific social problems at a certain time. In the years followingSocial Pathology, Lemert argues for the decriminalization of victimless crimes, advocates pre-trial diversion programs, and has backed away labeling disapproveminism (Wright 1984).BECKERS LABELLING THEORYHoward Beckers approach to the labeling of deviance, as described inOutsiders Studies in the Sociology of Deviance(1963), views deviance as the creation of social groups and not the quality of some act or behavior. Becker (1963) criticizes other theories of deviance for accepting the existence of deviance and by doing so, accept the values of the majority within the social group. According to Becker (1963), studying the act of the individual is piddling because de viance is simply rule breaking behavior that is labeled deviant by persons in positions of power. The rule breaking behavior is constant, the labeling of the behavior varies (Becker 1963). Becker (1963) describes rules as the watching of certain social norms held by the majority of a society, whether formal or informal. Enforced rules, the focus of Beckers (1963) approach, are applied differentially and usually facilitate certain favorable consequences for those who apply the label. In short, members of the rule-making society whitethorn label rule breaking behavior deviant depending on the degree of reaction over time (Becker 1963).Becker (1963) views those people that are likely to engage in rule breaking behavior as essentially different than members of the rule-making or rule-abiding society. Those persons who are prone to rule-breaking behavior see themselves as morally at odds with those members of the rule-abiding society (Becker 1963). Becker (1963) uses the term outsider t o describe a labeled rule-breaker or deviant that accepts the label attached to them and view themselves as different from mainstream society. Deviants may consider themselves more outside than others similarly labeled (Becker 1963). Deviant outsiders might view those rule making or abiding members of society as being the outsiders of their social group (Becker 1963).The final step in the creation of a career delinquent involves the movement of a rule breaker into a deviant sub enculturation (Becker 1963). The affiliation of the labeled deviant with an organized provides the person with moral support and a self-justifying rationale (Becker 1963). Becker (1963) describes how those involved in an organized crime may learn new forms of deviance through differential association.Becker (1963) also focuses on those in positions of power and authority that make and employ the rules. Rules are created by a moral entrepreneur, a person that takes the initiative to crusade for a rule that wo uld right a society evil (Becker 1963). The moral entrepreneurs motive may be to elevate the social status of those members of society below him/her (Becker 1963). The success of the crusade may lead to the entrepreneur to become a professional rule creator (Becker 1963). Becker (1963) states that the success of each moral crusade brings along with it a new group of outsiders, and a new responsibility of an enforcement agency.According to Becker (1963), the enforcement of societys rules is an enterprising act. The enforcement of a rule occurs when those that want a rule enforced, usually to some sort of gain to their personal interests, bring the rule infraction to the perplexity of the public (Becker 1963). The rule infraction, brought to the attention of those in positions of authority, is dealt with punitively by the entrepreneur (Becker 1963). The enforcement of the rule may involve the mediation of conflicts between many different interest groups by those in positions of power (Becker 1963). The enforcers themselves may have a moral crusade to stop crime, but most engage in the process rigorously as a part of their occupation (Becker 1963). Rule enforcers use the process of formal enforcement to satisfy two major interests, the justification of their occupation and the winning of venerate from the people he/she patrols (Becker 1963). The enforcer is armed with a great deal of discretion and may use his/her power to label an innocent person in order to gain respect (Becker 1963). The misuse of labeling powers by enforcers may create a deviant out of a person who otherwise would not be prone to rule breaking behavior (Becker 1963).Beckers work pays particular attention to the way society reacts to people with criminal labels. He proposes that this label becomes a persons subordinate status, meaning that this is a constant label, affecting and over-riding how others will view them. The status people use to identify and classify a person will everlastingl y be that of a criminal. Any other statuses a person occupies are no longer heeded. A person could be a parent,employee, spouse, etc., but the start-off and major status that will come to mind to other people and themselves is that of the criminal (Becker, 1963).BeckersOutsiders(1963) uses two cases to illustrate his approach to labeling theory. Becker (1963) analyzes the history of marijuana laws in the unite States and how individuals progress into the recreational use of the drug. Becker (1963) chooses to analyze marijuana because the progression of use can be observed. The first time user of marijuana finds the experience as somewhat unpleasant, but as the user imitates peers he/she learns to perceive the effectuate of marijuana as jollifyable (Becker 1963).Becker (1963) identifies three stages of marijuana use the beginner, the occasional user, and the unbendable user. The three self-explanatory categories of marijuana users can be manipulated through the use of social con trols (Becker 1963). Control of the marijuana supply has both positive and negative effects (Becker 1963). A diminished supply of marijuana may lead to a decreased use of the drug among some people, but it may also engage a user to associate with an organized group of deviants to obtain marijuana (Becker 1963). Becker (1963) believes that while control of marijuana supply is an important social control, it does not deter use. The best way to deter a user is to control his/her individual moral view of marijuana use.A marihuana user is labelled to be deviant as it contravenes the rules and norms of the society. Becker researched on marihuana users and used it in supporting hislabelling theory. Becker notes that this deviant behaviour is based on the given kind of behaviour as an end product of a sequence of social experiences during which the person acquires a comprehension of the meaning of the behaviour, the perceptions and judgements of objects and situations, all of which makes the activity possible and desirable. An individual will only be able to use marihuana for pleasure if he goes through a process of learning to conceive of it as an object where he is able to recognise the effects and connect them with drug use to inhale in a way that produce real upshot and learning to enjoy the sensation he comprehends. Once the ability to achieve enjoyment is acquired, he will continue to use it. (continuing usage of the marihuana is the secondary deviant) Considerations of morality and appropriateness, occasioned by the rejoinder of society, may hamper and impede use, but use persists to be a possibility in terms of the notion of the drug. The act will only be impossible when the ability to achieve the enjoyment is vanished, through a revolutionize of users conception of the drug occasioned by certain kind of experience with it.Becker (1963) uses a participant observation study of the lives of Chicago dance musicians to illustrate the social life of a deviant sub culture. Although dance musicians as a group are law-abiding, their unconventional lifestyles lead them to feel as outsiders (Becker 1963). Becker (1963) describes how being a dance musician involves a change in attitudes and opinions in order to conform to the subculture. The culture of the dance musician is rich in its own language and gestures (Becker 1963). Many of the dance musicians live a conventional family life during the day and change into their role as musician at night (Becker 1963).Another aspect of labelling theory in which Becker outlines as problematic, is the concept of morality. He motions a situation where the researchers sympathies should lie. He contemplates on whether one should side with the underdog or simply judge criminal behaviour as inherently wrong? He stresses the sociological difficulty of this decision. He claims that the researcher, whether fetching either side, will be accused of taking a one-sided and distorted view, but how is it possible to se e the situation from both sides simultaneously (Becker, 1963)? scorn many contributions, the evaluation of labelling theorists is normally considered with an excessive core of animadversion.Becker concludesOutsiders(1963) by emphasizing the need for verifiable research of his approach to labeling theory. Social scientists produced a vast amount of literature in response to Beckers request. Much of the research involving labeling theory directly reflects Beckers approach, while others use Becker (1963) as a foundation for theory development.APPLICATIONGideon Fishman tests Beckers labeling theory by studying a sample of midwestern juvenile delinquents (Friday and Stewart 1977). Fishmans research design measures negative self-perception and whether this self-perception affects prox delinquency (Friday and Stewart 1977). The results of Fishmans study show that secondary deviance is not universal and individuals react to deviant labels in different ways (Friday and Stewart 1977).A p opular application of Beckers labeling theory (1963) is in the area of mental health. doubting Thomas Scheff embraces Beckers approach to labeling and describes how people are labeled mentally ill in order to explain certain rule-breaking behavior that society cant categorize (Holstein 1993www.sscf.ucsb.edu). Scheff is not concerned with occasional acts of deviance, rather it is the residual or episodic deviance that often falls under the label of mental illness (Wright 1984 Pfohl 1994). People labeled as mentally ill adopt the behaviors of the stereotypical mental patient as portrayed through the mass media (Wright 1984). Scheff argues that those who express the stereotypical behavior of the mentally ill are rewarded by enterprising psychology professionals (Wright 1984 Pfohl 1994). According to Scheff, everybody expresses the popular symptoms of mental illness at some point in their life and labels are attached to those without power (Wright 1984). Scheff provides empirical eviden ce in the form of several studies of the process of mental hospital commitment (Holstein 1993 Pfohl 1994 Wright 1983www.sscf.ucsb.edu).Many social scientists challenge Scheffs arguments on theoretical and empirical grounds. James A. Holstein (1993) attacks Scheffs approach for focusing on the deviant and not the moral entrepreneurs that attach the labels. Florence Ridlon (1988) criticizes Scheffs work for being deterministic and argues for a less causal model to explain mental afflictions such as alcoholism. Walter Gove (1980), an adamant critic of Scheff, believes that Scheff should not dismiss the influence of psychopathological variables on mental illness. Gove (1980) also criticizes Scheffs empirical methodology and operations.Edwin Schur modifies Beckers labeling theory inLabeling Deviant Behavior(1971) by shifting some of the focus to the individual deviant. Schur (1971) also theorizes that as persons labeled deviant gain power and organize, they progress in social definition from an uprising, social movement, and civil war to the formation of a mainstream political party. Schur argues inLabeling Women Deviant(1983) that women in America are automatically labeled deviant by the male-dominated society. Women accept the deviant label as their master status and limit their life chances (Schur 1983).CRITICISMSBeckers theory of labeling, while maintaining a great deal of popularity today, does encounter several criticisms (Pfohl 1994www.mpcc.cc.ne.us Ridlon 1988). Many sociologists view labeling theory as untestable and, by definition, not a true theory (Ridlon 1988). Becker (1963) acknowledges that his labeling theory is a theoretical approach, not a true theory, and that sociologists should attempt to establish empirical tests for his approach. Another major criticism of labeling theory is its failure to explain primary deviance (www.mpcc.cc.ne.us). Both Lemert (1951) and Becker (1963) believe that primary deviance is influenced by many different and changi ng variables and the research of primary deviance causes is futile. Pfohl (1994) details the criticism of many sociologists that labeling theory is causal or deterministic. Becker (1963) qualifies his approach to social reaction theory by stating that some groups of rule-breakers may be able to choose alternate(a) courses of action.Beckers immensely popular views were also subjected to a barrage of criticism, most of it blaming him for neglecting the influence of other biological, genetic effects and personal responsibility. In a later 1973 edition of his work, he answered his critics. He wrote that while sociologists, while dedicated to studying society, are often careful not to look too closely. Instead, he wrote I privilege to think of what we study ascollective action.People act, as Mead and Blumer have made clearest,together. They do what they do with an eye on what others have done, are doing now, and may do in the future. One tries to fit his own line of action into the ac tions of others, just as each of them likewise adjusts his own developing actions to what he sees and expects others to do.10Francis Cullen account in 1984 that Becker was probably too generous with his critics. After 20 years, his views, far from being supplanted, have been corrected and absorbed into an expanded structuring perspective.11From a logical standpoint there are flaws within the main points of labeling theory. Initially the theory states that no acts are inherently criminal (Wellford, 1975). Meaning that acts are only criminal when society has deemed them as such. The implications of this being that criminal law is dynamic and ever-changing, differing from society to society. But if this is true then why are certain acts illegal within the majority of the civilized world? Murder, rape, arson, armed robbery. All these are considered crimes in any society or country one could care to name.Also the theory claims that for a criminal to be successfully labeled an audience must be present to provide a reaction to the crimes attached. Does this mean that if a murder is committed where the killer has successfully avoided anyones suspicion that the act is then not criminal and the killer will not think of him/herself as such? Its probable that the murderers acculturation and/or value system could initialize self-labeling, but the theory clearly states the labeling must come from a 3rd party (Hagan, 1973).For the sake of argument, if self labeling is possible and a person has obtained a self-initialized criminal master status/label, how do they react to it? Do they become criminals or try to rationalize as verbalise by Foster, Dinitz, and Reckless (Foster Dinitz Reckless, 1972)?Beckerslabelling theoryhas also drawn to a considerable criticism. One of such is that hislabelling theoryfailed to answer the etiological question aboutprimary deviance, for example What causes deviance?Jack Gibbspointed out that the theory failed to provide ample answers to t hree etiological questions Why does the prevalence of a particular act neuter from one population to the next? Why do some persons commit the act while others do not? Why is the act in question considered deviant and criminal in some societies but not in others? This clearly shows thatlabelling theoryis mere humanistic-antideterministic or voluntaristic hypothesis only . Then again, new-fangled activists of the theory beginning to shift thelabelling theoryinto a more scientific, deterministic one, and this approach is apparent in empirical studies of thesecondary deviance. Instead of describing the process of interaction between labellers and the labelled that leads tosecondary deviance, these revisionists defined, operationalised or measure labelling as a causal variable of secondary deviation.CONCLUSIONSocial scientists disagree on the future of labeling theory. Pfohl (1994) recognizes labeling theory as very influential in todays studies of deviance. Some social scientists view labeling theory as declining in importance due to lack of empirical support and a conservative political climate (www.mpcc.cc.ne.us). Becker (1963) believes the future of labeling theory lies in the widespread empirical study of deviance and kinds of deviance.Beckers analysis gives us a dynamic account of how a person can be funneled into a deviant career by labeling processes. This is also a compellingly humanistic theory of deviance. We can identify and sympathize with the deviant who has been the victim of labeling processes, even to the extent of realizing that it could happen to any of us. In this and many other respects, Beckers micro-relativistic approach to deviance theory contrasts markedly with normative theories that emphasize in a detached, objective way the fundamental differences between deviants and nondeviants. If Becker makes us understand thehumanimplications of reactions to deviance, then he has accomplished one of his major theoretical goals.In attempting to eva luate the contribution of the labelling theorists to the study of the sociology of deviance, it can be said that it depends on how the theory is viewed. If the theory is considered as a theory, with all the achievements and obligations that go with the title, then its flaws are many. Yet if, as Backer suggests, we attempt to consider the theory as it were intended, that is, as a mere way of looking at deviance, then the contribution can be said to be weighty, as it opened up a whole new study of the individual after he has committed an act of deviance. At this point it must be mentioned that labelling theorists do not merely consider the after-effects of the deviant act, as it is sometimes suggested. Becker, for example, considers the individual and how he begins to smoke marijuana. As Schur sums up, labelling theory is not a revolutionary new approach to the analysis of social problems but rather a recording or emphasis of such analysis, a reordering that may help us to view devian ce and control in a realistic, comprehensive, and sociologically meaningful light. As such, one can conclude that labelling theory continues in its usefulness, as long as deviant behaviour continues to exist.